Responses from the companies named in the report can be accessed here. At the fourth site, Kamoa-Kakula, the report found evidence of inadequate resettlement. Findings at four sites are included in the report and abuses at three sites, involving forced evictions, are recounted below. Researchers reviewed documents and correspondence, photographs, videos, satellite images and company responses. Through this study, 95 copper and 90 cobalt were shown to be leachable from a DRC coppercobalt ore by ammonium roasting at the following optimal conditions: the particle size of 0.10 mm, chlorine ammonium to ore mass ratio of 1:2, roasting temperature of 300 ☌, roasting time of 3 h, leaching time of 0. To produce Powering Change or Business as Usual? Amnesty International and IBGDH interviewed more than 130 people at six different mining projects in and around the city of Kolwezi, in the southern province of Lualaba, during two separate visits in 2022. ![]() Often there was no grievance mechanism, accountability, or access to justice."Ĭandy Ofime and Jean-Mobert Senga, Amnesty International researchers and co-authors of the report, said: "We found repeated breaches of legal safeguards prescribed in international human rights law and standards, and national legislation, as well as blatant disregard for the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights." The dissolution of copper and cobalt increases proportionally with the contact time. Demand for cobalt is expected to reach 222,000 tonnes by 2025, having tripled since 2010.ĭonat Kambola, president of IBGDH, said: "People are being forcibly evicted, or threatened or intimidated into leaving their homes, or misled into consenting to derisory settlements. To date, Arc Minerals have carried out c.22,000m of drilling, collected and analysed c.75,000 soil samples, and flown 5,700 line km’s of airborne geophysical surveys over all the areas under license.The average electric vehicle battery requires more than 13kg of cobalt, and a mobile phone battery about 7g. First Quantum's Enterprise Nickel project is also located on the flanks of the Kabompo Dome and approximately 40 km to the east of the areas under license.Īt the time of the JV, Kalumbila was originally ranked number 22 out of JV’s top 30 Kabompo Project targets with an original exploration target size of six million tonnes of ore eventually a copper Resource in excess of 1 billion tonnes of ore (one of the largest in Zambia) was demonstrated. In this study a copper-cobalt oxide ore from the Central African Copperbelt was leached in two different environments sulphuric acid in conjunction with. First Quantum Minerals’ Kalumbila property, better known as the Trident Project, developed to become the Sentinel copper mine, which in 2020 achieved record copper production of over 251,000 tonnes. ![]() Because the ratio of cobalt to copper in the precipitated solids may be as high as 0.1. The current areas under license encompass 9 of 30 exploration targets that were ranked in the late-90’s by the JV over the Kabompo Project, which include the top seven ranked targets. Copper removal is achieved by raising the pH to about 6, and precipitating copper in the form of a copper-cobalt basic sulphate, which can be represented as xMSO 4.yM(OH) 2 zH 2 O where M is either copper or cobalt, and x, y, and z are relative proportions. The areas under license were previously explored by Equinox Minerals Limited (“Equinox”) and Anglo American Prospecting Services (“AAPS”) by way of the Zambezi Joint Venture’ (“JV”) through AAPS's affiliate Zamanglo Prospecting Ltd (“Anglo American”) during the late 1990s as part of the Kabompo Project. This region now accounts for a substantial part of Zambian copper production and the areas under license are in close proximity to large operations such as First Quantum Minerals’ Sentinel and Kansanshi mines and Barrick Gold’s Lumwana mine. Over the last twenty years, three new major copper mines have been developed and constructed to exploit the mineral resources in the new western part of the Zambian Copperbelt. A Power Struggle Over Cobalt Rattles the Clean Energy Revolution. ![]() The Copperbelt is home to all the major copper mines in Zambia and these licenses represent one of the last dome-related areas in Zambia yet to be explored in any detail. Kisanfu is a new cobalt and copper mine being built by a Chinese conglomerate in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Zambian license areas are located approximately 900 km from Lusaka, in Mwinilunga, Northwestern Province, and is well within the trending arm of the major geological structure known as the Lufilian Arc (Copperbelt), on the western flank of the Kabompo Dome.
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